看到美國紐約州和新澤西州州長宣布進(jìn)入颶風(fēng)緊急狀態(tài)，趕緊上NRC網(wǎng)站，搜到了2014年1月6日PSEG公司應(yīng)對(duì)2012年颶風(fēng)桑迪的一個(gè)經(jīng)驗(yàn)反饋PPT。

　　從該P(yáng)PT中我們可以看到：

　　1、核電廠實(shí)際上做了非常周密的針對(duì)異常和極端天氣情況下的設(shè)計(jì)以及應(yīng)急準(zhǔn)備預(yù)案。

　　2、核電系統(tǒng)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)反饋和持續(xù)改進(jìn)是核安全業(yè)績提升重要工具。核電行業(yè)是一個(gè)互相學(xué)習(xí)提升的行業(yè)。

　　3、核電行業(yè)是一個(gè)信息透明度非常高的行業(yè)。桑迪臺(tái)風(fēng)之后，國內(nèi)新聞當(dāng)時(shí)對(duì)此不了解，報(bào)道了大量不屬實(shí)的信息，本人當(dāng)時(shí)還專門針對(duì)此撰寫了一篇博文以澄清事實(shí)，詳見：http://blog.sina.com.cn/u/55e07e6401017ldt。

　　后附PSEG公司應(yīng)對(duì)2012年颶風(fēng)桑迪的一個(gè)經(jīng)驗(yàn)反饋PPT原文/譯文（初稿，未校正，歡迎拍磚指正），如下：

In the Eye of the Hurricane: Super Storm Sandy PSEG Nuclear Preparations, Impacts and Lessons Learned

題目：颶風(fēng)眼中：超級(jí)臺(tái)風(fēng)桑迪對(duì)PSEG公司核電準(zhǔn)備、影響和經(jīng)驗(yàn)教訓(xùn)

（原文載于：http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/commission/slides/2014/20140106b/denight-slides-20140106b.pdf ）

P1：Forecast vs. Actual
第一頁：預(yù)測和實(shí)際

•Forecasts on October 29th at 6 pm called for:
–Additional rainfall of another ¼ - ¾”
–Winds through midnight will be sustained at 30-45 mph with gusts of 45-65 mph
–Overnight winds will be sustained at 15-30 mph with gusts of 30-50 mph
–Storm surge will be 3-6’ and will peak around midnight. Storm surge should recede by mid morning

•10月29日6：:0預(yù)測為:
–額外降雨1/4-3/4英寸

–午夜風(fēng)速將持續(xù)在30-45英里/小時(shí)、陣風(fēng)45-65英里/小時(shí)

–整夜風(fēng)速將持續(xù)在15-30英里/小時(shí)、陣風(fēng)30-50英里/小時(shí)

–風(fēng)暴潮將達(dá)到3-6'，午夜將達(dá)到頂峰。上午風(fēng)暴潮將減弱

P2:Forecast vs. Actual
第二頁：預(yù)測和實(shí)際

•Actual weather from landfall at 8 pm through the early morning
–Rainfall was consistent with forecast
–Winds through the evening were 40-60 mph with gusts upon landfall of up to 90 mph
–Winds were sustained through the night precluding storm restoration to begin until 7 am
–Storm surge ranged from 11-13.6’, causing widespread flooding and devastation to the region

•從8:00登陸起早間實(shí)際天氣:
–降雨與預(yù)測一致

–整夜風(fēng)速持續(xù)為40-60英里/小時(shí)、登陸時(shí)高達(dá)90英里/小時(shí)

–風(fēng)持續(xù)了整夜直至7:00開始風(fēng)暴恢復(fù)

–風(fēng)暴潮達(dá)到11-13.6'，導(dǎo)致洪災(zāi)泛濫。

P3：PSEG Nuclear Unit Status
第三頁：PSEG公司核電站狀態(tài)

•Hope Creek - 100% Rated Thermal Power
•Salem Unit 1- 100% Rated Thermal Power
•Salem Unit 2 (two days prior to Sandy’s arrival):
–Defueled, Full Core offload, in Spent Fuel Pool
–Defueled Mid Loop
–Single Source of Off-site power
–Major Equipment OOS
•2B Emergency Diesel Generator, 2B Vital Bus OOS
•2B 125V DC batteries
•21 SW Nuclear Header

•Hope Creek核電站——100%額定（熱）功率
•Salem核電站#1機(jī)組——100%額定（熱）功率
•Salem核電站#2機(jī)組（在桑迪到達(dá)前兩天）
–卸料狀態(tài)，全部堆芯卸出，裝在乏燃料池內(nèi)

–卸料中間回路

–僅依靠外電源（本人批注：柴油機(jī)應(yīng)該是在檢修狀態(tài)）

–主設(shè)備00S

•2B應(yīng)急柴油發(fā)電機(jī)，2B重要母線00s
•2B 125V直流蓄電池
•21 SW 核頂蓋

P4：Salem and Hope Creek Flood Design

第4頁：Salem和Hope Creek核電站防洪設(shè)計(jì)

（本人批注：上圖右邊標(biāo)注了Salem和Hope Creek核電站的防洪設(shè)計(jì)情況，此兩個(gè)電站在同一廠址區(qū)域，詳細(xì)介紹見：http://blog.sina.com.cn/u/55e07e640101gszf 。場平標(biāo)高100英尺，正常河水水位89英尺，歷史最高水位97.5英尺，設(shè)計(jì)洪水位按照120英尺考慮，Salem核電站的安全廠用水系統(tǒng)標(biāo)高127英尺、柴油機(jī)入口126英尺；Hope Creek核電站的安全廠用水系統(tǒng)標(biāo)高132英尺、柴油機(jī)入口132英尺；上圖左下角標(biāo)注了1900年以來新澤西州颶風(fēng)發(fā)生情況的統(tǒng)計(jì)，第一欄為等級(jí)、第二欄為風(fēng)速、第三欄為發(fā)生次數(shù)，從該統(tǒng)計(jì)看到僅僅有一次一類颶風(fēng)，世俗為74-95英里/小時(shí)）

P5：Salem and Hope Creek Shutdown Criteria
第五頁：Salem和Hope Creek核電站關(guān)停標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

•IF AT ANY TIME the river level is >98.5 ft, THEN INITIATE actions to place the Unit in Mode 3 within 6 hours and in Mode 5 within the next 30 hours.
•IF hurricane force winds are imminent, THEN INITIATE preparations such that the Unit is in Hot Standby (Mode 3) at least two hours prior to the projected arrival of hurricane force winds.

•一旦河水水位高于98.5英尺，就啟動(dòng)相關(guān)行動(dòng)，在6小時(shí)內(nèi)將機(jī)組置于第3類模式，在接下來的30小時(shí)內(nèi)置于第5類模式。

•如果颶風(fēng)級(jí)風(fēng)即將發(fā)生，即啟動(dòng)相關(guān)準(zhǔn)備（例如機(jī)組在預(yù)計(jì)颶風(fēng)級(jí)別風(fēng)抵達(dá)前至少2小時(shí)前將機(jī)組置于熱備用狀態(tài)（第3類模式））

P6：Salem and Hope Creek Emergency Action Levels (EALs)
第六頁：Salem和Hope Creek核電站應(yīng)急等級(jí)（EALs）

•Unusual Event (UE)
–Delaware River level reaches 99.5 feet at Salem units, 99.5 feet at Hope Creek
–Average Wind Speed >95 mph for any elevation
•Alert – Escalation with UE conditions
–Visible damage to Safety Related Structures

•異常事件（UE）
–在Salem機(jī)組和Hope Creek機(jī)組位置的達(dá)拉維河水位達(dá)到99.5英尺；

–在任意海拔高度平均風(fēng)速超過95英里/小時(shí)

•報(bào)警——擴(kuò)大至UE條件
–安全相關(guān)建筑物可見損壞

P7：Implementation of Severe Weather Guidelines – Phase 1 (T-3)
第七頁：極端天氣導(dǎo)則的執(zhí)行——第一階段（T-3）

•Operations
–Inspect station blackout equipment
–Verify remote shutdown panel communications
–Indication and switch alignment
–Hope Creek blockhouse sump pump staged

•運(yùn)行
–檢查電站停電設(shè)備

–檢查遙控停機(jī)面板通訊

–指示燈和開關(guān)之列

–Hope Creek潛水泵準(zhǔn)備好

P8：Implementation of Severe Weather Guidelines – Phase 1 (T-3)
第八頁：極端天氣導(dǎo)則的執(zhí)行——第一階段（T-3）

•Maintenance
–Protect spare equipment required for recovery
–Inspect/remove/secure outside areas for potential missiles
–Staging of sump pumps and sandbags
–Availability of emergency supplies like flashlights, potable water, etc.

•維修
–準(zhǔn)備好用于恢復(fù)的背影設(shè)備

–檢查/去除/加固室外區(qū)域潛在危險(xiǎn)

–準(zhǔn)備好潛水泵和沙包

–有效應(yīng)急用品如防爆燈、飲用水等。

P9：Implementation of Severe Weather Guidelines - Phase 2 (T-2)
第九頁：極端天氣導(dǎo)則的執(zhí)行——第二階段（T-2）

•Site walkdowns
•Verifying water tight doors
•Emergency diesel generator availability
•Return Major Plant Equipment for Shutdown Safety
•Ensuring water intakes prepared for severe weather
•Address potential staffing requirement

•廠址巡查
•檢查水閉門

•應(yīng)急柴油機(jī)有效

•使得主要電廠設(shè)備安全停運(yùn)

•確保用以極端天氣準(zhǔn)備的取水

•員工潛在需求的服裝

P10：Staffing requirements
第十頁：員工需求

Only essential personnel req’d to report
–Specific responders from two ERO teams
–Operations Support Center (OSCs)
–Technical Support Center (TSC)
–Emergency Operations Facility (EOF)

僅僅是需要報(bào)告的重要專業(yè)人員

–2個(gè)ERO（應(yīng)急響應(yīng)團(tuán)隊(duì)）專門反饋

–運(yùn)營支持中心（OSCs）

–技術(shù)支持中心（TSC）

–應(yīng)急操作設(shè)備（EOF）

P11：Implementation of Severe Weather Guidelines - Phase 3 (T-0)

第十一頁：極端天氣導(dǎo)則的執(zhí)行——第三階段（T-0）

–Close watertight doors
–Relocate personnel
–Implement preplanned sandbagging
–Relocate vehicles to shelter
–Establish Fire Protection command post
–Complete various Service Water Bay penetration repairs

–關(guān)閉水閉門

–安置人員

–執(zhí)行事前計(jì)劃的壘沙袋工作

–重新安置汽車以防護(hù)

–建立消防指揮部

–完成各種防滲水修復(fù)工作

P12：Superstorm Sandy impacts
第十二頁：超強(qiáng)風(fēng)暴桑迪的影響

•Hope Creek - Remained at 100%, HC output greater than demand on PJM
•Salem Unit 1 manually taken offline at 1:09 am (5 day forced outage)
–Four of the six circulating water pumps no longer available
–Heavy debris, waves resulted in Travelling water screens stopping
•Non-vital Switching Station lost due to water intrusion
–Loss of power to several buildings onsite
–Lost onsite intranet, phones, met tower data to Salem control rooms

•Hope Creek核電站——維持100%負(fù)荷，輸出功率大于PJM（本人批注：美國一區(qū)域電力市場）的需求

•Salem核電站#1機(jī)組于下午1:09手動(dòng)解列（5天的強(qiáng)制檢修）

–6臺(tái)循環(huán)泵中的4臺(tái)不可用

–嚴(yán)重波浪，波浪導(dǎo)致進(jìn)水閘門停用

•沒有重要開關(guān)站因水的入侵停用

–廠內(nèi)幾座建筑物失電

–廠內(nèi)網(wǎng)絡(luò)、電話故障，接觸塔數(shù)據(jù)到Salem控制室

P13：Staffing Requirements

第十三頁：員工需求
•Suspended Salem Unit 2 refueling outage activities on Sunday evening, October 28
–All equipment, except SW header, returned to Operations
–Reactor Cavity flooded up to Refueling level for defense in depth
–All contractors left site that weekend
–First time in operating history to suspended refueling outage

•10月28日、星期六晚上，推遲Salem#2機(jī)組的換料大修

–所用設(shè)備，除了SW頂蓋，重返運(yùn)行；

–反應(yīng)堆堆腔注水至換料水位用以縱深防御

–所用員工周末留在現(xiàn)場

–運(yùn)行史上首次推遲換料大修

P14：Superstorm Sandy Lessons Learned

第十四頁：超級(jí)風(fēng)暴桑迪的經(jīng)驗(yàn)教訓(xùn)
•Equipment Issues / Storm Preparations
–Substation enclosures are susceptible to water intrusion
–Lack of outage contingencies for loss of building capabilities
–Lack of adequate sleeping arrangements for essential personnel.
–Access road monitoring and shoring – extra fill / seawall

•設(shè)備問題/風(fēng)暴準(zhǔn)備

–開關(guān)站圍墻易遭受水侵襲

–缺乏建筑物失電后的維修應(yīng)變措施

–重要人員缺少額外睡眠的安排

–進(jìn)城道路監(jiān)護(hù)和支護(hù)——額外的填充/防波堤

P15：Lessons Learned – Root Cause

第十五頁：經(jīng)驗(yàn)教訓(xùn)——根本原因
•Abnormal Procedure Guidance
–Inadequate severe weather guidance in Abnormal procedure for wind speed, direction, grassing levels, tide, etc.
–Decision Making on unit power did not account for wave action effects
–Severe Weather Guide – No single designated information source for decision-making

•異常情況程序指導(dǎo)

–在關(guān)于風(fēng)速、風(fēng)向、潮等異常情況程序中增加極端天氣（應(yīng)對(duì)）導(dǎo)則

–關(guān)于機(jī)組功率的決策不要影響指揮行動(dòng)

–極端天氣導(dǎo)則——沒有一個(gè)用于決策的設(shè)計(jì)信息源

P16：Lessons Learned – Corrective actions
第十六頁：經(jīng)驗(yàn)教訓(xùn)——糾正行動(dòng)

•Previous Shutdown Criteria
–IF AT ANY TIME river level is >98.5 ft…
•Maximum Tide was 97.2 feet
–IF hurricane force winds are imminent...
•Maximum average wind speed was 59 miles per hour
•Wind direction shifted 180° in four hours directed at CWIS

•事前停機(jī)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

–一旦河水水位高于98.5英尺...

•最高潮位97.2英尺

–如果風(fēng)暴潮即將到來...

•最大平均風(fēng)速為59英里/小時(shí)

•風(fēng)向在4小時(shí)內(nèi)偏轉(zhuǎn)180度朝向CWIS

P17：Lessons Learned – Corrective actions
第十七頁：經(jīng)驗(yàn)教訓(xùn)——糾正行動(dòng)

•New Shutdown Criteria
–CW intake degradation index
•Uses grassing, tide, wind speed and direction
•Guidance to shutdown as a composite
–If hurricane is to pass within 50 miles of site - shutdown

•新停運(yùn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

–冷卻水取水（安全）降級(jí)指引

•使用grassing（本人批注：專業(yè)詞匯，不會(huì)）、潮位、風(fēng)速和方向

•作為一項(xiàng)綜合措施的停運(yùn)導(dǎo)則

–如果颶風(fēng)以時(shí)速50英里/小時(shí)的風(fēng)速通過長治——（機(jī)組）停運(yùn)