Limerick核電站是美國(guó)賓夕法尼亞州一座典型的內(nèi)陸核電站,建設(shè)有2臺(tái)GE公司設(shè)計(jì)的沸水堆機(jī)組(與福島核電站類(lèi)似機(jī)型)。Exelon已提出了2臺(tái)機(jī)組的延壽申請(qǐng)。
一、項(xiàng)目概況
1、SITE/廠址位置:
Limerick, PA (21 miles NW of Philadelphia, PA) in Region I,賓夕法尼亞州Limerick(賓夕法尼亞州費(fèi)城西北向21英里),監(jiān)管I區(qū),經(jīng)緯度40°13′36″N,75°35′14″W。
圖2:Limerick核電站全景圖 2、業(yè)主/運(yùn)營(yíng)商: Owner/業(yè)主:Exelon Corporation,Exelon公司 Operator/運(yùn)營(yíng)商:Exelon Generation Co., LLC,Exelon電力公司 3、建設(shè)情況: Construction Start Date/建造開(kāi)工日期:#1,-06/19/1974;#2,-06/19/1974; First Criticality Date/首次臨界日期:#1,-10/22/1984;#2,-08/12/1989; First Grid Connection/首次并網(wǎng)日期:#1,-04/13/1985;#2,-09/01/1989; Commercial Operation Date/商運(yùn)日期: #1,-02/01/1986;#2,-01/08/1990; Construction cost/建造費(fèi)用($):待查; Architect(s)/設(shè)計(jì)商:Bechtel公司 4、反應(yīng)堆簡(jiǎn)介 Reactor Type/堆型:#1/2:Boiling Water Reactor,沸水堆; Licensed MWt/許可堆功率(MWt): #1/#2, 2,775; Gross Capacity/銘牌功率(MWe):#1/#2, 918/928; Design Net Capacity/設(shè)計(jì)上網(wǎng)凈功率(MWe):#1/#2,829/829; Reactor Vendor/Type/反應(yīng)堆供應(yīng)商/型號(hào): #1/2:General Electric Type 4,GE-BWR4; Containment Type/安全殼形式:Wet, Mark II;濕式,馬克二型; 二、核電站運(yùn)行情況 1、執(zhí)照情況: 運(yùn)行執(zhí)照:#1,-08/08/1985;#2,-08/25/1989 延壽申請(qǐng):#1/#2,申請(qǐng)中 執(zhí)照有效期:#1,-10/26/2024;#2,-06/22/2029; 堆型:#1/2,Boiling Water Reactor沸水堆; 許可堆功率(MWt):#1/#2, 3,515 文件編號(hào): #1,05000352;#2: 05000353 2、反應(yīng)堆運(yùn)行情況 Electricity Supplied/上網(wǎng)電量(TW.h):#1:228.78;#2:206.65; Energy Availability Factor/能力因子(%):#1:90.2;#2:93.2; 三、Limerick 核電站綜述 1、冷卻方式:Limerick核電站是美國(guó)賓夕法尼亞州蒙哥馬利(Montgomery)縣Limerick鎮(zhèn)附近的Schuylkill 河畔,采用自然通風(fēng)冷卻塔進(jìn)行閉式循環(huán)冷卻,廠址配備了8臺(tái)應(yīng)急柴油機(jī)。如果天氣條件好,冷卻塔蒸發(fā)出的水汽很遠(yuǎn)都可見(jiàn)。Schuylkill 河年均流量132m³/秒,最大流量1141m³/秒,最小流量28m³/秒。(這條河流的最小流量似乎比國(guó)內(nèi)選址的最小流量還低,值得關(guān)注) 圖3:Limerick核電站自然通風(fēng)冷卻塔 2、運(yùn)行績(jī)效:Limerick核電站運(yùn)行績(jī)效良好,2000年以后#1、2機(jī)組基本維持在90%以上。 3、人口情況:Limerick核電站周邊設(shè)置了低密度人口限制區(qū)(LPZ,備注類(lèi)似于中國(guó)的規(guī)劃限制區(qū),半徑為10英里/約16公里,2010年,LPZ內(nèi)人口252,197人,10年內(nèi)人口增長(zhǎng)率為18.70%,屬于人口非常多的廠址),廠址50英里以內(nèi)的人口達(dá)到8,027,924,50英里內(nèi)的人口中心為費(fèi)城(城市中心距廠址28英里,2010年人口1,526,006,《獨(dú)立宣言》簽署地,旅游勝地,GMP達(dá)到3470億美元,全美第7大經(jīng)濟(jì)城市)。 圖4:Limerick核電站周邊人口分布 4、運(yùn)營(yíng)經(jīng)濟(jì)性:據(jù)(http://www.phoenixvillenews.com/article/PV/20130722/NEWS01/130729995)文稱(chēng)受到低成本替代能源的影響,新建核電站、核電站擴(kuò)容、延壽的經(jīng)濟(jì)性正遇到空前挑戰(zhàn)。去年,Exelon暫時(shí)取消了Limerick的擴(kuò)容改造計(jì)劃(原本計(jì)劃增容1.6%) 四、博主評(píng)論 1、Limerick核電站是一座周邊人口眾多的核電站,距離百萬(wàn)人口大城市費(fèi)城距離約28英里(不足50公里),其應(yīng)急方案制定與評(píng)價(jià)值得我們進(jìn)一步研究; 2、Limerick核電站的高運(yùn)行績(jī)效業(yè)績(jī)為賓夕法尼亞州經(jīng)濟(jì)貢獻(xiàn)巨大價(jià)值提供了保障(詳見(jiàn)附件),Exelon刊載的報(bào)告對(duì)公眾支持其延壽有著重要的幫助! 五、附件:Limerick核電站的經(jīng)濟(jì)貢獻(xiàn) (原文刊載于EXelon公司主頁(yè):http://www.exeloncorp.com/assets/energy/powerplants/docs/Limerick/fact_EconomicBenefits.pdf) Limerick Generating Station provides enough around-the-clock, emissions-free,reliable energy to power over two million homes. On average, the plant supplies about10 percent of Pennsylvania’s total electricity needs. In addition to the plant’s electric reliability and environmental benefits, Limerick provides direct and indirect economic benefits to its host community and Pennsylvania as a whole. 利默里克發(fā)電站為超過(guò)二百萬(wàn)家庭提供了足夠的全天候、無(wú)排放、可靠的能源和電力。電站平均供應(yīng)了賓夕法尼亞州總電力需求的百分之十。除了該廠的電力可靠性和環(huán)境效益外,總體上來(lái)看Limerick向賓夕法尼亞州和社區(qū)提供了直接和間接經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。 A recent report by Continental Economics, Inc. analyzed the economic, system reliability and environmental benefits of Limerick Generating Station, based on 2010 data. The report found the following benefits, making Limerick a valuable resource to the surrounding community: 大陸經(jīng)濟(jì)公司(Continental Economics)最近的一份報(bào)告,基于2010的數(shù)據(jù)分析了利默里克發(fā)電站的經(jīng)濟(jì)性、系統(tǒng)的可靠性和環(huán)境效益。該報(bào)告發(fā)現(xiàn)了以下利益,使得利默里克成為了周邊社區(qū)的寶貴資源: • Limerick reduced wholesale energy costs in Pennsylvania by $880 million in 2010, thus lowering electricity prices for consumers. •2010年利默里克使得賓夕法尼亞州能源批發(fā)成本下降了8.8億美元,因此降低了消費(fèi)者的電力價(jià)格。 • Limerick contributes $113 million annually in direct economic contributions to Pennsylvania that accrue from expenditures made by Limerick to maintain and operate the plant, including $75 million in employee wages and salaries, $35 million in purchases of goods and services from other Pennsylvania businesses and $2.9 million in property tax payments. •利默里克每年通過(guò)電站運(yùn)維為賓夕法尼亞州提供直接經(jīng)濟(jì)貢獻(xiàn)達(dá)到1.13億美元,包括員工工資和薪金7500萬(wàn)美元,在賓夕法尼亞其他企業(yè)采購(gòu)貨物和服務(wù)的3500萬(wàn)美元和290萬(wàn)美元的資產(chǎn)稅。 • Limerick’s direct economic impact supports an additional 600 jobs and $115 million of economic output in the state economy, bringing Limerick’s overall annual economic impact to over $200 million. •利默里克直接經(jīng)濟(jì)影響包括為州經(jīng)濟(jì)提供了600個(gè)工作崗位好1.15億美元經(jīng)濟(jì)產(chǎn)出,使得利默里克所有年經(jīng)濟(jì)影響超過(guò)2億美元。 • By lowering the cost of electricity paid by Pennsylvania ratepayers by $880 million annually, Limerick indirectly contributes over 10,500 jobs to the Pennsylvania economy because lower electricity costs for businesses and individuals mean they have more money available to spend on other goods and services. •通過(guò)每年降低賓夕法尼亞納稅人8.8億美元成本,利默里克間接為賓夕法尼亞州經(jīng)濟(jì)貢獻(xiàn)了超過(guò)10500份工作崗位,因?yàn)槠髽I(yè)和個(gè)人電力成本更低后意味著他們有更多的錢(qián)可以花在其他商品和服務(wù)。 • Limerick provides important reliability benefits for Southeastern Pennsylvania and the Philadelphia area. Limerick provides critical support for regional electric reliability, helping maintain uninterrupted electric service and preventing transmission network overloads. •利默里克提供了賓夕法尼亞州東南部和費(fèi)城地區(qū)重要可靠性效益。利默里克為區(qū)域電力可靠性提供了關(guān)鍵支持,幫助保持不間斷的電力并防止了電網(wǎng)超負(fù)荷。 • Limerick reduces the need to generate electricity from fossil fuels, thus reducing greenhouse gas emissions that cause global warming. If Limerick was retired from service, replacing the electricity it currently produces would require increased natural gas-fired or coal-fired generation. Without Limerick, it is estimated that carbon dioxide emissions would increase by 13.2 million tons, equivalent to the emissions of over 2.5 million cars •利默里克減少了發(fā)電所需的化石燃料,從而減少導(dǎo)致全球變暖的溫室氣體排放。如果Limerick退役,要取代它目前生產(chǎn)的電力將需要增加燃?xì)饣蛉济喊l(fā)電。沒(méi)有Limerick核電站,據(jù)估計(jì),二氧化碳排放量將增加1320萬(wàn)噸,相當(dāng)于250萬(wàn)輛汽車(chē)的排放量。