引用美國(guó)核管會(huì)資料來(lái)介紹美國(guó)核電站，但卻從沒(méi)介紹過(guò)NRC。2014年9月12日美國(guó)核管會(huì)（NRC）批準(zhǔn)了2014-2018年戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃，本人從中節(jié)選部分翻譯，并做出適當(dāng)?shù)木庉?，供大家了解核管?huì)。特別聲明：本人未獲NRC的授權(quán)翻譯（也未進(jìn)行校對(duì)），只是從愛(ài)好者的角度進(jìn)行翻譯，不用于商業(yè)用途，如有異議，本人將刪除相關(guān)博文；本人承諾不會(huì)應(yīng)用于商業(yè)行為，也請(qǐng)轉(zhuǎn)載者承諾不用于商業(yè)行為。（轉(zhuǎn)載需要聯(lián)系本人）。

一、美國(guó)核管會(huì)組織架構(gòu)
　　NRC決策層為5人委員會(huì)，設(shè)有一名主席。但主席和另外四名委員擁有的權(quán)限是一樣的。（2011年美國(guó)核管會(huì)以4:1批復(fù)AP1000標(biāo)準(zhǔn)設(shè)計(jì)文件時(shí)，當(dāng)時(shí)投下唯一反對(duì)票的就是時(shí)任NRC主席的Greg Jaczko）

　　NRC下設(shè)若干部門(mén)（業(yè)務(wù)部門(mén)和職能部門(mén)），并按照分區(qū)監(jiān)管的原則向各個(gè)核設(shè)施派駐現(xiàn)場(chǎng)監(jiān)管代表。

　　NRC下屬部門(mén)中設(shè)有專(zhuān)門(mén)的公眾溝通部門(mén)，可見(jiàn)其對(duì)公眾溝通的重視。

圖1：美國(guó)NRC組織機(jī)構(gòu)圖

　　圖2展示了NRC的五大職能：法規(guī)導(dǎo)則（制定），許可、退役和認(rèn)證，監(jiān)督，運(yùn)行經(jīng)驗(yàn)，決策支持。從該圖可以看到，決策支持在NRC的重要作用，決策支持對(duì)其他四項(xiàng)活動(dòng)給予了支持；而且NRC十分注重經(jīng)驗(yàn)反饋，通過(guò)經(jīng)驗(yàn)反饋來(lái)完善法規(guī)導(dǎo)則和改進(jìn)監(jiān)督。

圖2：美國(guó)NRC組織運(yùn)作示意圖

二、美國(guó)核管會(huì)的發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略

　?。ù硕温渲饕獊?lái)自于NRC發(fā)布的2014-2018年戰(zhàn)略）

（一）、KEY CHALLENGES重要挑戰(zhàn)

During the upcoming planning period, the NRC will face new challenges as it continues to operate in a dynamic environment. Key factors the agency has considered in developing this plan include the following:

在即將來(lái)到的規(guī)劃期，由于在動(dòng)態(tài)環(huán)境下運(yùn)營(yíng)NRC將面臨新挑戰(zhàn)，當(dāng)局在制定本規(guī)劃時(shí)考慮的重要挑戰(zhàn)如下：

• Continued implementation of enhancements to improve nuclear safety based on insights arising from operating experience reviews and lessons learned from the 2011 nuclear accident at the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear facility in Japan;

• 在對(duì)2011年日本福島第一核電廠核事故經(jīng)驗(yàn)教訓(xùn)以及運(yùn)營(yíng)經(jīng)驗(yàn)提升的監(jiān)督基礎(chǔ)上繼續(xù)強(qiáng)化改善核安全；

• Continual learning and adaptation of the regulatory framework to address knowledge of and response to the specific hazards, uncertainties, and risks associated with each nuclear site;

• 持續(xù)學(xué)習(xí)和改進(jìn)監(jiān)管框架以適應(yīng)每一處核設(shè)施廠址特有危險(xiǎn)、不確定性和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的應(yīng)對(duì)和有關(guān)知識(shí)。

• Continued readiness to review applications involving new technologies such as small modular reactors, medical isotope production facilities, and rapidly evolving digital instrumentation and control systems;

• 繼續(xù)準(zhǔn)備以審查新技術(shù)申請(qǐng)，諸如小型模塊式反應(yīng)堆、醫(yī)用同位素生產(chǎn)設(shè)施和快速發(fā)展的數(shù)字化儀表和控制系統(tǒng)等；

• Changes in the demographics, experience, and knowledge of the workforce;

• 全體雇員的組成、經(jīng)驗(yàn)和知識(shí)的改變；

• Continued awareness of and support to the development of nuclear safety and security regulations around the world;

• 持續(xù)關(guān)注并支持全球核安全和安保監(jiān)管的發(fā)展；

• Changing economic conditions in the energy market affecting current and planned applications to construct and operate new nuclear facilities or decommission existing ones;

• 改善能源市場(chǎng)的經(jīng)濟(jì)條件從而影響當(dāng)前和計(jì)劃建造運(yùn)營(yíng)核設(shè)施或現(xiàn)有核設(shè)施退役的有關(guān)申請(qǐng)；

• Globalization of nuclear technology and the nuclear supply chain, driving the need for increased international engagement on the safe and secure use of radioactive material and the need for new oversight approaches, including ensuring that foreign components used in U.S. nuclear facilities are in compliance with NRC requirements; and

• 核技術(shù)和核供應(yīng)鏈的全球化，驅(qū)動(dòng)了放射性材料的安全和保障使用的國(guó)際協(xié)議和新監(jiān)管方法的需求，以使得美國(guó)核設(shè)施中應(yīng)用的外國(guó)部件和NRC監(jiān)管規(guī)則相適應(yīng)；

• Continuous monitoring of the threat environment to ensure the security of facilities and accountability controls for radioactive materials.

• 持續(xù)對(duì)威脅環(huán)境的監(jiān)測(cè)以確保設(shè)施安保和放射性材料的可靠控制。

To meet these challenges, the NRC must use its resources effectively and efficiently, enhance the regulatory framework as appropriate to address existing or emerging issues, and deploy effective and innovative strategies for maintaining staff competence and readiness. Even as the NRC works to address these challenges, the agency’s mission and organizational values remain unchanged. The agency will remain a strong, independent, stable, and effective regulator that places the highest priority on ensuring the safety and security of the nuclear facilities and radioactive materials it regulates.

為了應(yīng)對(duì)這些挑戰(zhàn)，NRC必須高效實(shí)用自由，區(qū)劃監(jiān)管體系以適應(yīng)已有或新出現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題，部署有效和革新的戰(zhàn)略以維持員工競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力和準(zhǔn)備程度。即使當(dāng)NRC為適應(yīng)這些挑戰(zhàn)工作時(shí)，該機(jī)構(gòu)的使命和組織價(jià)值觀繼續(xù)維持不變。該機(jī)構(gòu)將繼續(xù)成為一個(gè)強(qiáng)大、獨(dú)立、穩(wěn)定和有效的監(jiān)管者，他們?cè)诒O(jiān)管時(shí)將確保核設(shè)施和放射性材料的安全和安保放在最高優(yōu)先級(jí)。

（二）、美國(guó)核管會(huì)2014-2018年戰(zhàn)略框架

　　根據(jù)NRC發(fā)布的2014-2018年戰(zhàn)略，其框架如下：

圖3：美國(guó)NRC戰(zhàn)略框架

MISSION使命

The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission licenses and regulates the Nation’s civilian use of radioactive materials to protect public health and safety, promote the common defense and security, and protect the environment.

美國(guó)NRC對(duì)聯(lián)邦內(nèi)放射性材料進(jìn)行許可和規(guī)管以保證公眾健康和安全、促進(jìn)公共防衛(wèi)和安保，及保護(hù)環(huán)境。

VISION愿景

A trusted, independent, transparent, and effective nuclear regulator

一個(gè)值得信賴(lài)、獨(dú)立、透明并且高效的核監(jiān)管者

To be successful, the NRC must not only excel in carrying out its mission, but must do so in a manner that engenders the trust of the public and stakeholders. This vision is an outgrowth of the NRC operating in a manner consistent with its longstanding Principles of Good Regulation—independence, openness, efficiency, clarity, and reliability—and its organizational values (see box). These principles guide the agency—from how the NRC reaches decisions on safety, security, and environmental issues; to how the NRC performs administrative tasks; to how its employees interact with their fellow employees and other stakeholders.

為了成功做到這一點(diǎn)，NRC不僅需要在執(zhí)行他的使命時(shí)要做到卓越，而且必須按照公眾和利益干系人信任的方式開(kāi)展。這一愿景是NRC堅(jiān)持負(fù)荷其良好監(jiān)管長(zhǎng)期原則相一致的規(guī)則運(yùn)營(yíng)——獨(dú)立、開(kāi)放、高效、清晰,且可信賴(lài)——以及其組織價(jià)值觀（如下框所示），而這些原則幫助機(jī)構(gòu)做決策——從如何使得NRC做出安全、安保和環(huán)境問(wèn)題的決策；到NRC如何執(zhí)行綜合任務(wù)、如何使得他們的雇員和雇員、雇員和其它利益干系人等溝通等。

By adhering to these principles and values, the NRC maintains its regulatory competence, conveys that competence to stakeholders, and promotes trust in the agency.

堅(jiān)持這些原則和價(jià)值觀，NRC維持其監(jiān)管能力，向利益干系人闡述能力并促進(jìn)機(jī)構(gòu)內(nèi)的（相互）信任。

NRC ORGANIZATIONAL VALUES

• Integrity in our working relationships, practices, and decisions

• Service to the public and others who are affected by our work

• Openness in communications and decisionmaking Commitment to public health and safety, security, and the environment

• Cooperation in the planning, management, and performance of agency work

• Excellence in our individual and collective actions

• Respect for individuals’diversity, roles, beliefs, viewpoints, and work/life balance

NRC組織價(jià)值觀

• 誠(chéng)信：在合作、實(shí)踐和決策時(shí)誠(chéng)信；

• 服務(wù)：為各自和受我們工作影響的其他人服務(wù)；

• 開(kāi)放：在公眾健康、安全、安保和環(huán)境方面的決策和溝通時(shí)保持開(kāi)放；

• 協(xié)調(diào)：規(guī)劃/計(jì)劃、管理和機(jī)構(gòu)工作績(jī)效方面的協(xié)調(diào)；

• 卓越：個(gè)人和集團(tuán)行事卓越；

• 尊重：尊重個(gè)體多樣性、角色、信仰、價(jià)值觀和工作/生活間的平衡

STRATEGIC GOALS

GOAL 1: Ensure the safe use of radioactive materials.

GOAL 2: Ensure the secure use of radioactive materials.

戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)

目標(biāo)1：確保放射性材料的安全使用

目標(biāo)2：確保放射性材料在安保下使用

STRATEGIC GOALS

GOAL 1: Ensure the safe use of radioactive materials.

OBJECTIVES :

SAFETY OBJECTIVE : PREVENT AND MITIGATE ACCIDENTS AND ENSURE RADIATION SAFETY.

戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)

目標(biāo)1：確保放射性材料的安全使用

安全目標(biāo)：防止和緩解事故并確保輻射目標(biāo)

Safety Strategy 1: Enhance the NRC’s regulatory programs as appropriate using lessons learned from domestic and international operating experience and other sources.

安全策略1：強(qiáng)化NRC監(jiān)管程序，如恰當(dāng)應(yīng)用國(guó)內(nèi)國(guó)際運(yùn)營(yíng)經(jīng)驗(yàn)和其它來(lái)源的經(jīng)驗(yàn)教訓(xùn)；

Safety Strategy 2: Enhance the risk-informed and performance-based regulatory framework in response to advances in science and technology, policy decisions, and other factors.

安全策略2：強(qiáng)化風(fēng)險(xiǎn)指引和績(jī)效基礎(chǔ)的監(jiān)管框架，以響應(yīng)科技進(jìn)步、政治決策和其它因素；

Safety Strategy 3: Ensure the effectiveness and efficiency of licensing and certification activities to maintain both quality and timeliness of licensing and certification reviews.

安全策略3：確保許可和認(rèn)證活動(dòng)的有效性和效率，以保持許可和認(rèn)證審查既有質(zhì)量又具及時(shí)性；

Safety Strategy 4: Maintain effective and consistent oversight of licensee performance to drive continued licensee compliance with NRC safety requirements and license conditions.

安全策略4：保持許可績(jī)效監(jiān)察的有效性和一致性，以使得許可持續(xù)滿(mǎn)足NRC安全要求和許可條件；

Safety Strategy 5: Ensure the NRC’s readiness to respond to incidents and emergencies involving NRC-licensed facilities and radioactive materials and other events of domestic and international interest.

安全策略5：確保NRC已準(zhǔn)備應(yīng)對(duì)好涉及到NRC發(fā)放了執(zhí)照的設(shè)施和放射性材料事故和應(yīng)急、國(guó)內(nèi)國(guó)際事件其它相關(guān)事件；

Safety Strategy 6: Ensure that nuclear facilities are constructed in accordance with approved designs and that there is an effective transition from oversight of construction to oversight of operation.

安全策略6：確保核設(shè)施按照經(jīng)批準(zhǔn)的設(shè)計(jì)建造并實(shí)現(xiàn)建造監(jiān)督向運(yùn)營(yíng)監(jiān)督的有效過(guò)渡；

Safety Strategy 7: Ensure that the environmental and site safety regulatory infrastructure is adequate to support the issuance of new nuclear licenses.

安全策略7：確保環(huán)保核廠址安全監(jiān)督基礎(chǔ)足以滿(mǎn)足新核（設(shè)施）執(zhí)照發(fā)放的需要；

GOAL 2: Ensure the secure use of radioactive materials.

OBJECTIVES :

SECURITY OBJECTIVE : ENSURE PROTECTION OF NUCLEAR FACILITIES AND RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS.

目標(biāo)2：確保放射性材料在安保下使用

目標(biāo)：

安保目標(biāo)：確保核設(shè)施和放射性材料防護(hù)

Security Strategy 1: Ensure the effectiveness and efficiency of the regulatory framework using information gained from operating experience and external and internal assessments and in response to technology advances and changes in the threat environment.

安保策略1：應(yīng)用從運(yùn)營(yíng)經(jīng)驗(yàn)、外部評(píng)估和內(nèi)部評(píng)審獲得的信息，確保監(jiān)管框架的有效性和效率，對(duì)技術(shù)進(jìn)步及環(huán)境威脅的變化進(jìn)行響應(yīng)；

Security Strategy 2: Maintain effective and consistent oversight of licensee performance to drive continued licensee compliance with NRC security requirements and license conditions.

安保策略2：維持許可績(jī)效監(jiān)察的有效性和一致性，以使得許可持續(xù)滿(mǎn)足NRC安保要求和許可條件；

Security Strategy 3: Support U.S. national security interests and nuclear nonproliferation policy objectives within NRC’s statutory mandate through cooperation with domestic and international partners.

安保策略3：在NRC法定授權(quán)下，通過(guò)和國(guó)內(nèi)、國(guó)際伙伴合作，為美國(guó)國(guó)家安全利益和核不擴(kuò)散政策目標(biāo)提供支持。

Security Strategy 4: Ensure material control and accounting for special nuclear materials.

安保策略4：確保材料控制和特殊核材料的核算；

Security Strategy 5: Protect critical digital assets.

安保策略5：保護(hù)重要的數(shù)字資產(chǎn)；

Security Strategy 6: Ensure timely distribution of security information to stakeholders and international partners.

安保策略6：確保向利益相關(guān)者和國(guó)際伙伴們及時(shí)分送安保信息；

Security Strategy 7: Ensure that programs for the handling and control of classified and Safeguards Information are effectively implemented at the NRC and at licensee facilities.

安保策略7：確保安保信息和分類(lèi)控制、處置程序在NRC和許可設(shè)施中有效執(zhí)行。

The NRC’s two strategic goals are the results the agency must achieve to successfully carry out its mission and are the foundation for the rest of the plan.

NRC的這兩項(xiàng)戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)（安全和安保）是本機(jī)構(gòu)必須成功完成其使命的結(jié)果，也是規(guī)劃剩余部分的基礎(chǔ)。

CROSS CUTTING STRATEGIES

交叉策略

Regulatory Effectiveness Strategy 1: Proactively identify, assess, understand, and resolve safety and security issues.

監(jiān)管有效性策略1：主動(dòng)識(shí)別、評(píng)估、理解和解決安全和安保問(wèn)題；

Regulatory Effectiveness Strategy 2: Regulate in a manner that effectively and efficiently manages known risks and threats, clearly communicates requirements, and ensures that regulations are consistently applied, are practical, and accommodate technology changes in a timely manner.

監(jiān)管有效性策略2：按照下述方式監(jiān)管，有效和高效管理已知風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和威脅、清晰傳達(dá)要求并且確保法規(guī)貫徹執(zhí)行、科學(xué)并及時(shí)適應(yīng)技術(shù)變化；

Regulatory Effectiveness Strategy 3: Integrate safety and security programs to identify and avoid unintended consequences.

監(jiān)管有效性策略3：集成安全和安保程序以識(shí)別和避免意外后果；

Openness Strategy 1—Transparency: Make clear information about the NRC’s responsibilities and activities accessible to stakeholders.

開(kāi)放策略1——透明度：關(guān)于NRC職責(zé)和行動(dòng)的信息更清晰，相關(guān)干系人更易于接受；

Openness Strategy 2—Participation: Enhance interaction with the public and other stakeholders through use of social media and further enable opportunities for meaningful participation in, and mutual understanding of, NRC regulatory processes.

開(kāi)放策略2——參與：通過(guò)使用社交媒體加強(qiáng)與公眾和其它干系人的溝通，并且進(jìn)一步增加有意義的公眾參與機(jī)會(huì)，共同理解NRC監(jiān)管過(guò)程；

Openness Strategy 3—Collaboration: Promote domestic and global nuclear safety and security by creating and taking advantage of opportunities to increase collaboration and share best practices with other Federal agencies, with State, local, and Tribal governments, and with the international regulatory community.

開(kāi)放策略3——協(xié)作：通過(guò)創(chuàng)造和利益機(jī)會(huì)增加與其他聯(lián)邦機(jī)構(gòu)、州、當(dāng)?shù)睾筒柯湔约皣?guó)際社會(huì)監(jiān)管等的協(xié)作和良好實(shí)踐分享，促進(jìn)國(guó)內(nèi)和全球核安全和安保；

MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES

KEY MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVE-1 HUMAN CAPITAL OBJECTIVE: ATTRACT, DEVELOP, AND MAINTAIN A HIGH-PERFORMING, DIVERSE, ENGAGED, AND FLEXIBLE WORKFORCE WITH THE SKILLS NEEDED TO ADAPT TO WORKLOAD CHANGES AND EFFECTIVELY CARRY OUT THE NRC’S MISSION NOW AND IN THE FUTURE.

管理目標(biāo)

關(guān)鍵管理目標(biāo)-1人力資本目標(biāo)：吸引、發(fā)展和維持一個(gè)高績(jī)效、多元化、敬業(yè)和彈性的工作團(tuán)隊(duì)，他們有必要的技能以適應(yīng)各種復(fù)合的變化、有效承擔(dān)NRC現(xiàn)在和將來(lái)的任務(wù)。

Human Capital Strategy 1: Maintain qualified and flexible staff and close skill gaps in mission-critical occupations.

人力資本策略1：維持合格和機(jī)靈的雇員，符合關(guān)鍵崗位技能要求；

Human Capital Strategy 2: Hire the best talent to achieve a high-performing, diverse, and engaged workforce with the skills needed to carry out the NRC’s mission now and in the future and close skills gaps in mission-critical occupations.

人力資本策略2：雇傭最優(yōu)人才來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)一個(gè)高績(jī)效、多元化和敬業(yè)的工作團(tuán)隊(duì)，他們有必要的技能以適應(yīng)各種復(fù)合的變化、有效承擔(dān)NRC現(xiàn)在和將來(lái)的任務(wù)，符合關(guān)鍵崗位技能要求；

Human Capital Strategy 3: Improve knowledge management by identifying and capturing critical knowledge from employees, transferring it to those who need it now, and making it accessible for the future.

人力資本策略3：通過(guò)從雇員那識(shí)別和獲取關(guān)鍵知識(shí)來(lái)提升知識(shí)管理，將其傳授給那些現(xiàn)在需要的人且使得其面向未來(lái)；

Human Capital Strategy 4: Promote a strong NRC internal safety culture with an open, collaborative work environment.

人力資本策略4：通過(guò)一項(xiàng)開(kāi)放、協(xié)同工作環(huán)境的促成NRC強(qiáng)大的內(nèi)部核安全文化；

Human Capital Strategy 5: Enhance employee learning opportunities and optimize the use of training resources from an agencywide perspective to meet the agency’s current and future critical skill needs.

人力資本策略5：從機(jī)構(gòu)角度而言，強(qiáng)化雇員學(xué)習(xí)機(jī)會(huì)并優(yōu)化培訓(xùn)資源的使用，以滿(mǎn)足機(jī)構(gòu)當(dāng)前和未來(lái)典型技藝需要；

Human Capital Strategy 6: Strengthen workforce diversity and inclusion.

人力資本策略6：強(qiáng)化員工的多元化和包容性。

KEY MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVE-2 INFORMATION MANAGEMENT AND IT

OBJECTIVE: MAKE IT EASIER FOR NRC STAFF TO PERFORM THEIR MISSION AND TO OBTAIN THE INFORMATION THEY NEED FROM AUTHORITATIVE SOURCES ANYTIME, ANYWHERE, ON ANY DEVICE, WHILE MANAGING THE RISK OF COMPROMISE OF SENSITIVE INFORMATION.

關(guān)鍵管理目標(biāo)-2 信息管理和IT

目標(biāo)：對(duì)于NRC職員而言，使得它更為容易以執(zhí)行他們的使命，并且當(dāng)他們對(duì)敏感信息陷入風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的管理時(shí)可以在任何時(shí)候通過(guò)如何裝備，從權(quán)威人士那需要獲得信息，

Information Management and IT Strategy 1: Enable the NRC’s staff to easily find and use the information they need.

信息管理和IT策略1：使得NRC職員容易發(fā)現(xiàn)并使用他們所需信息。

Information Management and IT Strategy 2: Develop a flexible technology infrastructure that provides the foundation to consistently deliver the IT solutions needed to further the agency’s objectives and strategies.

信息管理和IT策略2：開(kāi)發(fā)一項(xiàng)靈活技術(shù)框架，以為向本機(jī)構(gòu)目標(biāo)和戰(zhàn)略進(jìn)一步交付始終如一的IT解決方案奠定基礎(chǔ)。

Information Management and IT Strategy 3: Improve the value of the NRC’s IT solutions by providing the right products and services when and where needed to support the agency’s mission.

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